Materials can be classified based on how easily they allow electric charges to move through them. This classification leads to two main types: conductors and insulators.

Conductors

• Conductors are materials that allow free movement of electric charges, especially electrons.
• In conductors, electrons are loosely bound and can move easily when an electric field is applied.
• They are used extensively in electrical wiring and components due to their high conductivity.
• Examples: Copper, silver, gold, aluminum, iron, graphite, saltwater.

Insulators

• Insulators are materials that do not allow charges to move freely.
• Electrons in insulators are tightly bound to their atoms and cannot move easily.
• They are used to protect us from electric shocks and to prevent short circuits.
• Examples: Rubber, glass, plastic, dry wood, ceramics, pure water.

Key Differences

Property	Conductors	Insulators
Charge mobility	High (charges move freely)	Low (charges are bound)
Electron binding	Electrons are loosely bound	Electrons are tightly bound
Electric current	Easily passes through	Does not pass easily
Uses	Wires, electrical components	Insulation, safety coverings
Examples	Copper, silver, aluminum	Rubber, plastic, glass

Semi-Conductors (Extra Knowledge)

There are also materials called semiconductors (like silicon and germanium) that have conductivity between that of conductors and insulators. Their conductivity can be modified and is used in electronics.

Understanding the difference between conductors and insulators is important in designing safe and efficient electrical systems.

Written by Thenura Dilruk